"Rote learning bears no fruit" This phrase, often heard from teachers, has sparked an ongoing debate: Which is better—India’s rote-based education system or the Western model that emphasizes creativity and critical thinking?

At a recent event in Bengaluru, an American industrialist surprised the audience by praising India’s education system. He argued that its emphasis on rote learning, hard work, and passion makes it superior to Western systems, as evidenced by the global success of educated Indians in the US.

Read in Hindi: रटकर सीखने पर हो जोर या रचनात्मकता के साथ संतुलन जरूरी…!

Similarly, a German academic lamented that Western universities are no longer fertile grounds for creativity. "Students lack a global perspective, passion is fading, and respect for hard work and scholarship is diminishing," he said, adding that the West is facing an intellectual decline fueled by overabundance and a lack of motivation.

India’s education system has long been rooted in the art of memorization, leaving little room for critical creativity. In contrast, Western universities have historically encouraged academic freedom and experimentation, fostering innovation. The British colonial education system, imposed on India and still largely intact with minor changes, relies heavily on rote learning. Teachers often discourage ‘irrelevant questions’ or inquiries beyond the syllabus, stifling curiosity.

But is rote learning entirely bad? Prof Paras Nath Chaudhary argues, "Basic rote learning is unavoidable. Mastery of the three Rs—reading, writing, and arithmetic—is essential. Students from eastern India, particularly Bihar, excel in memorization, often outperforming others in competitive exams.

Sociologist TP Srivastava explains that ancient India preserved knowledge through memorization in serene ashrams and monasteries, often located by rivers or in dense forests. Rishis and gurus dedicated their lives to teaching sacred texts and philosophies, emphasizing the chanting of specific mantras. Students immersed in this dual process of memorization and practice developed a strong oral tradition. Their commitment ensured the transmission of philosophical teachings, moral guidelines, and religious practices across generations, preserving India’s rich intellectual heritage.

While modern educational paradigms often dismiss rote learning as outdated, its benefits, particularly in the Indian context, deserve recognition. India’s education system is known for its vast and challenging curriculum. With limited time to cover numerous subjects, rote learning offers a practical solution. By memorizing facts, formulas, and definitions, students quickly acquire foundational knowledge essential for exams. In a system where standardized tests shape academic and career trajectories, this method equips students to perform effectively.

Rote learning also has cognitive benefits. Repetition strengthens neural connections, enhancing retention and recall. This skill is especially valuable in subjects like mathematics and science, where mastering basic principles is a prerequisite for understanding complex concepts. Over time, students develop sharp memory skills that extend beyond academics.

Despite its advantages, rote learning has faced widespread criticism from modern educators. Mukta Gupta, an educational consultant, notes, "The one-size-fits-all approach of rote learning often neglects diverse learning styles and talents. Students who excel in practical, creative, or analytical methods may feel discouraged, leading to superficial understanding and a lack of enthusiasm for learning. While students may excel in exams, the knowledge gained through rote learning often lacks depth. Memorized facts fade quickly, leaving students ill-equipped to apply concepts practically or intellectually."

While rote learning has its drawbacks, its role in India’s education system remains significant. One senior academic, who has taught both Indian and American students, advocates for a balanced approach. "A well-rounded educational strategy can ensure that the next generation not only remembers facts but also learns to think, innovate, and apply knowledge effectively," he says.

India’s education system must evolve to integrate the strengths of both rote learning and creative thinking.